Brief Counseling for Drug Use Doesn’t Work

In an effort to stem substance use, the United States has invested heavily in the past decade in a brief screening-and-intervention protocol for alcohol and other drugs.

But a new study led by a School of Public Health researcher casts doubt on whether that approach, which has proven successful with risky alcohol use, works for illicit drugs. The study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), finds that two well-established, brief counseling interventions did not reduce the continued use of marijuana, cocaine, or opioids—suggesting that clinicians should “look beyond screening and brief intervention, perhaps to lengthier and more complex . . . care management strategies.”

The study, led by Richard Saitz, an SPH professor, chair of community health sciences, and School of Medicine professor of medicine, tested the effectiveness of two interventions on 528 adult primary care patients with unhealthy drug use. Participants were assigned to three groups: one that received a 10- to 15-minute structured interview conducted by health educators; a second that received a 30- to 45-minute intervention based on motivational interviewing, with a 20- to 30-minute follow-up session by counselors; and a third that received no brief intervention. All study participants received a written list of substance-use disorder treatment and help resources.

At the beginning of the study, 63 percent of participants reported that their main drug was marijuana, 19 percent cocaine, and 17 percent opioids. All participants reported they were more than casual users, meaning they used drugs at least weekly (or had less-frequent use, but with reported consequences). Researchers assessed their drug use at six weeks and six months.

For the primary outcome (number of days of use of the self-identified main drug in the past 30 days), there were no significant differences between the groups. In addition to self-reporting, participants were subjected to hair testing for drugs. There also were no significant, between-group differences at six weeks or six months in drug-use consequences, injection drug use, unsafe sex, or health care utilization.

Saitz says the findings raise questions about the federal government’s advocacy—through the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration—of screening and brief interventions to address unhealthy drug use.

“Brief counseling can work for a lot of things, but we found no evidence to support the widespread implementation of universal screening and brief intervention for illicit drug use or prescription drug misuse,” Saitz says. “In retrospect, drug use is a complicated problem. While there might have been some hope that something as simple as this would work, it now appears it doesn’t.”

Saitz and the study’s coauthors speculate that screening and brief counseling might work better with unhealthy alcohol use than drugs because risky drinking is socially acceptable and not as complex to reduce.

“People who are using drugs and admit to using drugs are already doing something not socially sanctioned, so getting them to change their behavior may be harder,” Saitz said. “Despite many reasons to not use, they are continuing to do so. A few minutes of counseling is not going to change that.”

Because each drug is different, he said, a universal intervention is especially difficult. What works to address marijuana use may not work to stop heroin injecting, for example. Prescription drug misuse is particularly complex, as it may involve pain relief, as well as euphoria-seeking behavior or selling of prescribed drugs.

“One-time brief counseling is simply inadequate to address these complexities, even as an initial strategy,” Saitz said, adding that even with alcohol use, multiple interventions have been more successful than one-time sessions.

Saitz notes that while primary care physicians may inquire about patients’ drug use, most do not screen using optimal tests. He says the study findings should not suggest that screening doesn’t work to identify use—just that one brief intervention is insufficient to reduce it. Identifying drug use is important for reasons beyond aiming to reduce it; it is important to physicians in diagnosis of symptoms and for safe prescribing, he adds.

“The message is not that we don’t want to address drugs in medical settings. In fact, I believe we must, just as we address other risk factors and health conditions,” he says. “Instead, the message is that this approach is inadequate. We’re going to need something more. As doctors, we’re going to have to take more responsibility for this problem, the same way we take responsibility for other factors that impact health.”

Only 18 percent of the study participants had moderate to severe substance use disorders—representative of drug use in the typical primary-care clinic population, Saitz says. The rest, who were using drugs with fewer or no consequences, are people for whom effective early identification and intervention could be critical, he says.

The researchers recommend that future trials focus on drug subgroups (prescription drugs, for example), to gauge whether specialized interventions are effective. They also suggest that trials be conducted using the primary care physician as the interventionist, or establishing a “multicomponent” intervention of clinicians and electronic tools.

Besides Saitz, researchers on the study include Judith Bernstein, Debbie Cheng, Christine Chaisson, Seville Meli, and Christine A. Lloyd-Travaglini of the School of Public Health; Jeffrey Samet of the schools of Medicine and Public Health; MED’s Daniel P. Alford; and Tibor P. A. Palfai of the College of Arts & Sciences psychological & brain sciences department.